Euthanasia Is An Ethical Or Institutional Entitlement

This essay with put across all sides of the argument as to whether we should have a right to die with in the UK. The right to die is an ethical or institutional entitlement of any individual to commit suicide or to undergo voluntary euthanasia (help in their quest to die). Currently euthanasia is illegal in the UK it’s only legal in Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. Along with some types of assisted suicide and passive euthanasia which are legal in Switzerland, Germany, Mexico and the American state of Oregon. Under the current laws in these countries people may request to end their life by a doctor or healthcare professional but there are certain clauses in place to ensure this is kept with in the law. These are that the person has made an active and voluntary request to end their life, and it is thought they have sufficient mental capacity to make an informed decision regarding their care, and it is agreed that the person is suffering unbearably and there is no prospect for a n improvement in their condition. If these three points are passed with evidence held on file, then the euthanasia is legal and can go ahead. Euthanasia is classified in several different types. Voluntary euthanasia is where a person makes a conscious decision to die and asks for help to do this. Non-voluntary euthanasia – where a person is unable to give their consent (for example, because they are in a coma or are severely brain damaged) and another person takes the decision on their behalf, oftenShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making3508 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction There are some times when there is no choice but to make decisions with possible ethical consequences at some point in any human services career when an ethical dilemma is faced. If one chooses not to make a decision, it is a decision itself (Keith-Spiegel Koocher , 2010). In this paper, I am concerned with applied ethics and decision making using framework for a positive decision in presented scenario (Appendix) which guide the conduct for decisions based on theories about whatRead MoreStages of Life6505 Words   |  27 Pagespractical, psychosocial, spiritual, legal, existential, or medical in nature. For example, dying persons and their families are faced with choices about what kind of caregiver help they want or need and whether to receive care at home or in an institutional treatment setting. Dying persons may have to make choices about the desired degree of family involvement in care giving and decision-making. They frequently make legal decisions about wills, advanced directives, and durable powers of attorney.Read MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages 3 4 (3) Professional services of physicians and other health professionals. 5 (4) Such services, equipment, and supplies inci- 6 dent to the services of a physician’s or a health pro- 7 fessional’s delivery of care in institutional settings, 8 physician offices, patients’ homes or place of resi- 9 dence, or other settings, as appropriate. 10 (5) Prescription drugs. 11 (6) Rehabilitative and habilitative services. 12 (7) Mental health and substance

The Art of Djing and Transgression to Digital Media Essay

Generally speaking, a DJ’s job is to present a series of records for the enjoyment of the audience. That applies to the radio DJ as well – they play music intermingling it with chat or some sort of comedic performance. The club DJ, on the other hand, does something much more musically creative – s/he presents records by performing them to produce a cohesive musical atmosphere. Songs are carefully chosen, strung together in an improvised story to make a continuous and flowing set. Whether the DJ chooses to dramatically juxtapose songs or unnoticeably overlay and mix them together, he creates new unique music that cannot be found anywhere else. To a large extent, it is possible thanks to the amazing advances in technology that DJs also have†¦show more content†¦In America, it is reputed that the first discotheque, named Le Club, opened on New Year’s Eve in New York in 1960 (Reighley 26). Terry Noel was the first DJ known to purposefully â€Å"progr am† a playlist, namely play a set of records in a particular order to best create and maintain the energy level of the party. Francis Grasso is the earliest known DJ to introduce the concept of â€Å"mixing† to the art of record programming. He began â€Å"slip cueing† which refers to slamming in a new record on beat with the fading record without interrupting the flow of the program. When Thoren company came out with turntables that had variable speed, called â€Å"pitch control†, the concept of blending was born. Francis Grasso quickly picked up on the possibilities offered by the new invention and is credited with the ability to keep two records on beat and in sync for over two minutes. In the meantime, new 12-inch records replaced the traditional 7-inch record and offered the chance to record more music onto the vinyl. In 1975, New York City was the hot spot in the world for dance music and to a large extent, it still is. Clubs started to achieve icon- like status and we can trace the roots of today’s prevailing dance music styles back to the early clubs and DJs, many of whom influenced the way music was to be made, recorded and played in the years to come. Frankie Knuckles and Larry Levan were two other DJs and remixers who greatly contributed to the

Why We Form Relationships Free Essays

Why We Form Relationships Corbin Smith Estrella Mountain Community College There are many reasons as to why we form relationships with a person. Appearance is one of those reasons. Most people claim that a person’s personality is the main reason why we get into a relationship with them and not by the way they look which is really not true. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Form Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now There has to be some type of attraction towards their appearance because the way they look is extremely important in the early stages of a relationship. Even if your appearance isn’t considered beautiful by societal standards, people will find you attractive if you’re just ordinary-looking with an amazing personality that fits the other persons needs. Attractive beauty may open doors to a relationship but it takes way more than just being attractive to keep a relationship going. Forming relationships is the ultimate way to gaining attraction and love towards a certain person that you might want to be with for the rest of your life. Forming relationships is a skill that not many people consider to be important but it’s a skill that most people want so they can find their lifelong partner. My understanding of this skill is that we all have used it at some point in our lives to form relationship, whether if it’s just a friendship or more than that. Like I said before, appearance is one of the main things that jumpstart a relationship but it won’t be the only trait that’ll keep a bond going. Similarity, complementary, competence, disclosure, proximity, and rewards are all factors in how relationship is formed. I’ve used this skill plenty of times because I’m a person who loves to make new friends and meet new people every single day. Whenever I get the chance to meet someone new, whether if I’m attracted to them or not, I try not to miss the opportunity. I met a girl in the beginning of this semester who is just the most gorgeous girl I’ve seen at this school so far. I had to take an opportunity to get to know this girl and fortunately, she gave me the light of day and now we both are really good friends. Not only does she look beautiful, we both have many of the same similarities such as music taste, fashion sense, and other amazing things. When I met her, I used her appearance to draw me to her and from then on, it was the similarities and complementarities. By me using this skill, there have also been several consequences. I’ve been shot down by many girls many times because of me being too confident and by trying to get to know them way too fast. Unfortunately this skill doesn’t always work to our advantage but it doesn’t hurt to try it. Like the old saying goes, â€Å"You’ll never know for yourself until you try. † I live by that saying because you can’t live your life in fear of getting rejected by people you’re attracted to. Just take the chance and run with it. The reason why this skill doesn’t work all the time is because of the mindset of the person that you’re attracted to. Is that person already in a relationship? Is that person not looking for a relationship even though they are single? Is the person you’re attracted to not attracted to you back? There are many reasons as to why the negative effects might take place. Overall, never skip out on an opportunity to possibly engage in a lifelong friendship or relationship. You’ll never know the outcome until you try. â€Å"For communication to have meaning it must have a life. It must transcend ‘you’ and ‘me’ and become ‘us. ’ In a small way we then grow out of our old selves and become something new. † – Hugh Prather How to cite Why We Form Relationships, Essay examples

Socio-Cultural Dimension at Workplace

Question: Discuss about theSocio-Cultural Dimension at Workplace. Answer: Introduction With increasing population and modern outlook of people, the society is facing numerous dilemma and issues related to several social and political aspects. As commented by Bowler et al. (2012), these issues are handled ethically through autonomy, distributive justice and responsibility. It is the responsibility of society to conserve the environment properly after its massive usage due to industrialization and modernization. As the organizations are utilizing the maximum benefit of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy, it is their responsibility to make the best use of it and conserve it for future use. According to Chapin et al. (2013), conservation of environment refers to protection of land, water, soil and forests in an integrated and planned way. A framework is needed to be developed for addressing landscape, global dimensions as well as eco-system for the present and future benefit of the environment. There are several aspects of socio-political issues such as cons ervation of the environment, reformation of guns and same-sex marriage. In this context, ethical approach and discussions will be done on basis of organizations approach and advancement towards environmental conservation across the globe. In this contemporary society, one of the major socio-political issues that have recently arisen is the extent of environmental conservation approaches taken by several organizations operating across the world. As opined by Finger Princen (2013), protection of environment is a practice of safeguarding and protecting natural environment, its wildlife and humans along with maintaining an ecological balance in this bio-diverse environment. With the rising population, the level of food consumption and usage of non-renewable and renewable resources are increasing. Moreover, technological advancement and industrializing are also increasing rapidly to cater the rising demand for food and basic necessities of people. Hence, industrial countries are engaging in several environmental agreements for keeping balance between ecology and their usage. Chasek, Downie Brown (2013) had an opinion that several practices are involved that ensure development of policies for sustainable usage and conserv ation of land. It also ensures strengthening of several institutions as well as coordinating mechanisms to encourage environmental conservation to the maximum extent. Strong environmental conservation laws need to be set up and make all the international, national and state organizations to strictly adhere to its policies, rules and regulations. These laws also extend their regulations against soil, water or air pollution and even to global warming and depletion of non-renewable resources (Conca Dabelko, 2014). Ghai Vivian, (2014) suggested that it is our Earth and hence we should ensure its protection and safety. Since, we are utilizing the maximum resources of the Earth for meeting our own demands, respect should be given to nature along with conservation of the same. As per environmental laws, several methods are to be adopted that helps in strong conservation of environment. One of the methods of conservation of environment is adoption of green practices to reduce carbon footprint. In this method, organizations adopt environmental conscious operations and practices in the workflow that reduces global warming and take a strong step towards sustainability. It can be done through less printing that leads to less paper usage. O'riordan (2014) had a proposal that organizations need to go digital to prevent paper wastage in the workplace. Moreover, when the electrical equipment are not in usage, it is the responsibility of all the human beings irrespective of workplace or home, should unplug the appliances to conserve energy. Along with this, organizations should emphasize on recycling process where waste materials are recycled and given a new shape and form for future usage. It, therefore, makes the maximum utilization of waste materials and hence reduces the wastage of it. Even more, the organizations can also build green offices from recycled and renewable materials and use certain sustainable fabrics like bamboo or hemp for its window making and floor-up (Mannion, 2014). These ethical approaches embraced by the organizations will definitely help in conservation of environment. As mentioned by Sullivan (2013), another method of conservation of environment is tough embracing as well as promoting alternative and renewable sources of energy. It will definitely help in sustainable living as well as conservation of non-renewable resources. Solar, wind and tidal energies are the renewable sources that can be used to the maximum extent in generating electricity for all purpose activities at home or in industries. It is subsequently better than utilization of fossil fuels, which is a non-renewable energy and once depleted cannot be replenished. This ethical and moralistic behavior of the organizations towards conservation of resources is another justified way of social changes. Susskind Ali (2014) commented that it is the responsibility of all the industries across the world to protect every single element of the environment. The organizations should involve in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities to ensure more plantation of trees, conservation of soi l erosion and low level of wastage disposal to water bodies. It, therefore, helps in protecting the human and other organizations from excess heating up and ill-effects of global warming. The conservation of soil helps in retaining the nutrients beneath it that leads to production of good quality crops and supply of oxygen to environment (Pearce, 2014). Sutherland et al. (2015) stated that all the organizations should conduct training sessions at workplace for educating the employees in pursuing several practice habits for environmental conservation. With the increase in purchase of vehicles, the fuels like petrol, gasoline and diesel are mostly used. Their combustion produces the emission of harmful gasses like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other greenhouse gasses that pollute air. So, employees are taught that while they go out for any purpose, they should either walk down to the place or take any public transport. It will definitely help them in saving their money and will also add less pollution to environment. According to Tscharntke et al. (2012), people are also taught about less usage of chemicals and artificial pesticides for growing plants. Nowadays, organic growing of plants is more emphasized by the global environmental conservation bureaucratic bodies. It will help in conservation and preservation of soil nutrient s and will make our food products less toxic in nature. In addition to this, there are several other ethical ways of conservation of energy and less input of pollutants into the environment. Van Vliet et al. (2012) also commented if people quit smoking, then it will definitely help in improving their lungs health as well as add low level of air pollution. Moreover, people can adopt a habit of washing clothes after the laundry bag is entirely full. It will reduce less usage of water and will also lead to less utilization of synthetic shops for washing. Plastic bottles and plastic bags should be entirely banned across the world. It is due to the fact that it causes clogging of water as well as prevents oxygen to reach the surface of water bodies leading to death of several equal specifies. It, therefore, misbalances the ecological balance of the world that may lead to serious problems in the Earth. So, Tyberghein et al. (2012) mentioned that ethical steps need to be adopted for conservation of energy. Strict rules and regulations are to be established in several organizations across the world to prevent plastic manufacturing and usage of the same for any purpose. Organizations should be bound to sign up such petitions of environmental conservation as well as promotion of the same. Even more, the organizations should adhere to international rules, standards and regulates pertaining to environmental conservations (Whalley, 2016). Chasek, Downie Brown (2013) stated that the different Environmental Laws and Rules are constituted by the several global environment conservation organizations to make the other industries to adhere to its rules and regulations. The Environmental Protection Act and Rules are laid down to control and treatment of hazardous elements into the environment. These laws also have set standards that to permit emission and discharge of several poisonous environmental pollutants. Moreover, about these laws and ethical standards, organizations are also not liable to throw out any solid wastes into the environment without treating it (Finger Princen, 2013). In this entire essay, one of the socio-political issues like environmental conservation is thoroughly discussed. It explains several harmful impacts of non-conservation of the environment. It is seen that depletion of renewable energy may adversely affect the industrialization and modernization of the societies. Moreover, it is clearly depicted that environmental conservation leads to conservation of soil, water, forests and land. As we are benefited from Mother Earth through these natural resources, it is our duty and responsibility to preserve and conserve it rather than misusing it. Moreover, in this context, several ethical methods of conservation of environment are also discussed. Misuse of electricity, non-usage of plastic materials, encouraging organic growth, embracing alternative methods of energy sources, quitting smoking and making the organization digital are some steps towards preserving environmental resources. Along with this, the CSR activities adopted by the organiza tions also helps in conducting certain campaigns to encourage and people in adopting several ethical and moralistic ways of conversation of the environment. The context also discusses several laws adopted by global environment conserving organizations to make industries and organizations adhere to its rules and principles. References Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Healey, J. R., Jones, J. P., Knight, T. M., Pullin, A. S. (2012). Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and improve local welfare?.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,10(1), 29-36. Chapin, F. S., Sala, O. E., Huber-Sannwald, E. (Eds.). (2013).Global biodiversity in a changing environment: scenarios for the 21st century(Vol. 152). Springer Science Business Media. Chasek, P. S., Downie, D. L., Brown, J. (2013).Global environmental politics. Westview Press. Conca, K., Dabelko, G. (Eds.). (2014).Green planet blues: Critical perspectives on global environmental politics. Westview Press. Finger, M., Princen, T. (2013).Environmental NGOs in world politics: Linking the local and the global. Routledge. Ghai, D., Vivian, J. M. (2014).Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. Routledge. Mannion, D. A. (2014).Global environmental change: a natural and cultural environmental history. Routledge. O'riordan, T. (2014).Environmental science for environmental management. Routledge. Pearce, D. W. (2014).Blueprint 4: capturing global environmental value. Routledge. Sullivan, S. (2013). Banking nature? The spectacular financialisation of environmental conservation.Antipode,45(1), 198-217. Susskind, L. E., Ali, S. H. (2014).Environmental diplomacy: negotiating more effective global agreements. Oxford University Press. Sutherland, W. J., Clout, M., Depledge, M., Dicks, L. V., Dinsdale, J., Entwistle, A. C., ... Monk, K. A. (2015). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015.Trends in ecology evolution,30(1), 17-24. Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T. C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., ... Whitbread, A. (2012). Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification.Biological conservation,151(1), 53-59. Tyberghein, L., Verbruggen, H., Pauly, K., Troupin, C., Mineur, F., De Clerck, O. (2012). Bioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ORACLE: a global environmental dataset for marine species distribution modelling.Global Ecology and Biogeography,21(2), 272-281. Van Vliet, N., Mertz, O., Heinimann, A., Langanke, T., Pascual, U., Schmook, B., ... Castella, J. C. (2012). Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: a global assessment.Global Environmental Change,22(2), 418-429. Whalley, J. W. (2016). Compensation or retaliation: Developed and developing countries and the growing conflict over global environmental conservation.

Education On The Internet Essays - Internet Culture,

Education on the Internet In today's society, the internet has become a very important learning tool. It is used for day to day activities, such as a place to look up research, a method of getting in touch with friends and family, and somewhere to go to find information about almost anything imaginable. The most popular uses of the internet include entertainment and education. Many people argue that the internet should be used for educational purposes only. The Internet as a Business The internet is a very valuable resource when it comes to education, but I do not think it should just be limited to that idea. There are many other important qualities the internet possesses. The internet is now used to run businesses, and keep personal business files online. People can go to the business's home page to learn more about the product. One of the most useful and popular businesses online is Amazon. By going to http://www.amazon.com, a person can shop without ever leaving their computer. By using a Visa Card, an individual can purchase books, music, clothes, toys, games, electronics, and much more. The Internet as Entertainment One of the most popular traits of the internet is entertainment. This can take the form of many different aspects of the net. Many people, especially teenagers, enjoy visiting chat rooms. These are web sites designed for people who like to talk to others. Many times, a person can find someone with similar interests in chat rooms and they become online friends. Not necessarily someone they would ever meet, but someone to talk to and share things with. Other types of online entertainment include games a person can play with other others online, and surfing the web to find web pages that strike their interest. The Internet as Education The internet is very useful when it comes to research. There are many search engines that can help a person find a related topic. There are online catalogs, encyclopedias, dictionaries, and thesauruses to help enhance a person's learning capabilities. Other ways the internet is useful is that is can be used now as a classroom. Technology has made it possible for a person to download a visual image of a teacher teaching a class online. Many programs now have courses that can be studied over the world wide web. These courses are very helpful to students who learn easily from outside of the regular classroom atmosphere. It is also possible to go online with other people and actually be able to see them. This can be useful for faculty meetings or other conferences that would benefit the public.

B2B and B2C Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Issues

B2B and B2C Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Issues Every site on the web is different; no two are exactly alike despite if their topics are the same. Even if this is an obvious fact to some, it is still amazing how people sometimes tend to put all web sites in the same categories. Every site on the net serves different purposes. I'll examine the differences and similarities between how business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) websites deal with ethical, legal and regulatory issues.The only similarity I can conclude is that both B2B and B2C websites can be found on the net and that's where the similarity ends. These sites serve different markets and are ruled by very different ethical, legal and regulatory systems of operation.The B2B markets are other businesses and not consumers. Business needs and methods of payments are going to be different. B2B sites are designed to connect businesses electronically (Comerford, 2001). They also bring competing firms together to build electronic exchanges which are software syst ems enabling buyers and sellers to purchase goods and services through use of industry-wide computer systems (Comerford, 2001).Exterior of the University House at Penn State Uni...B2B sites allow an increased efficiency between businesses and a better free market economy, leading to increased efficiency promotions (Comerford, 2001).B2C websites cater to the consumer and generally sell consumer goods and services. These sites tend to be more colorful, with special features, such as highlighted texts, texts of several sizes and possibly moving images, all this to appeal to and attract consumers.Contract formation is one issue the B2B websites face that their B2C counterparts do not. When it comes to contract formation in the "real world," two business associates get together, discuss the concept, sign contracts, probably shake one another's hands and move on. The contract is considered binding.Contract formation on the net is trickier because it...

Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment - Essay Example However, it is disputed because of mistakes made in sentencing that are claimed to be rare. The death sentence is given when there exists conclusive evidence on the guilt of a suspect (Smith). The evidence is usually in the form of DNA, and a plus for the death row inmates is that there is a chance to appeal the decisions to sentence them to death. Therefore, it is argued that any person convicted to death stands a chance to prove their case and plead their innocence allowing them to live. In this case, the claim is that it is extremely difficult to sentence an innocent person to death owing to the numerous appeal opportunities accorded to them. In addition, the presence of DNA testing helps to exonerate many, although not entirely. Therefore, the DNA of the convicted may lead to conviction of many due to wrong time and wrong place occurrences, circumstantial evidence. Thus, the Death sentence is appropriate in ridding the society of people committing capital offences, in spite of do ing injustice to some. However, life in prison as a sentence is the viable option as compared to the death sentence as delivers more and reduces the chances of exposing innocent people to risk of dying (procon.org). This is because; life in prison is swift, severe and certain providing justice to the victims of the committed crime. In addition, another reason for the support of death penalty is the cost that the society has to bear concerning maintaining prisoners on life imprisonment (Smith). Therefore, the financial and economic costs of maintaining a prisoner serving life are astronomical to the tune of $50000 a year (Smith). This is more than an individual spends in their normal day-to-day life outside the prison as some earn even less than that. Sentencing such a person to death is easier for the society, as it does not have to shoulder the costs of providing for the needs of the inmates. In addition, the death sentence is more suitable as those sentenced to life in prison are at times released under the context of rehabilitation and overcrowded prisons. This allows them to return to the society and continue with their criminal activities. This way, taking the life of the criminal, ensures with maximum certainty that the crime will not be committed again, but by the same person. However, this is not the case, as there is existence of sentences that subject criminals to life imprisonment with no chance of parole. This way, inmates have way of leaving thus the death sentence is rendered redundant. However, Life imprisonment is the better option of the two due to its deterrent nature, as the death sentence is not a deterrent measure to stopping crime. This is because; only sane people can plan any crime that is punished by death, as they have the time and ability to carry out the plans that end up in the crime (Smith). This way punishing people by having theme serve time in prison where they cannot enjoy their freedom and some rights reduces the chances of s imilar crimes recurring, either perpetrated by the same person or other members of the society. In addition, life in prison ensures that no more crimes are committed by the government in the name of protecting the safety of the public through executions (Procon.org). This way, it allows resources to be turned to other issues that require attention other than attempting to exhaust legal channels in a bid to save lives. This

Marketing Managerment Project Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Managerment Project - Research Paper Example The case cites an example of Kellogg’s in Asia-Pacific region especially in India. This case is a classic example of concerted marketing efforts going haywire to produce reverse results. When a multinational giant organization such as Kellogg’s launches into an unknown region and area it needs to do the homework and establishes itself. The case highlights on the turnaround strategies used by the company to control the damage and survive. Today Kellogg’s is a household name in most Indian families and also the most preferred breakfast cereal, irrespective of that Kellogg’s needs to be alert in the volatile market. In an upcoming and third world market the options available are many for the consumers as the competition keeps offering one product after the other, which eventually widens the choice for the average consumer. Hence to not only to survive, but also sustain profitably, Kellogg’s has to innovate and in product as well marketing strategies. T his paper also suggests a few such strategies with its implications and challenges. No organization can capture a market and be complacent, because capturing a market may be a onetime effort but retaining the market with profitability requires new challenges to be taken and met with competence, effort and good marketing. Kellogg’s – The Indian Story We all love breakfast cereals and the crackling sound they make early morning. They give us an idea about how fresh and beautiful each day is going to be after a healthy breakfast. We are now going to look into a healthy breakfast story of none other than the breakfast giant Kellogg’s in India. Kellogg’s so far in western market has always maintained its upper hand. It was introduced in the Indian market in the year 2005 and was an absolute flophouse. From there on the company looked into various perspectives to make the product a success and has continued to grow in the market steadily. Today even if it has n ot captured the so called breakfast market share it has managed to survive and even run profitably and smoothly in India. We are going to study the turnaround of Kellogg’s in India in this assignment. Kellogg’s started its way in 1906 and today is the leader of corn flakes and breakfast cereals. Its worldwide expansion program goes as back as 1914. Kellogg’s expanded in England and Australia. By the year 1958 Kellogg’s settled in America making it the most popular breakfast frosty cereals and corn flakes. Over the years Kellogg’s has acquired Worthington Foods, Kashi Company and Keebler Foods. They also have a marketing tie up with Disney. Today Kellogg’s is manufactured in 17 countries and marketed over 180 countries worldwide. It has multiple products such as corn flakes, nutrition bars, ice cream cones, pies, and waffles etc. Today it is a company with billions of dollars of turnover world over. With this strength, history and backing Kel logg’s launched with many trumpets in Indian market. It started with its basic product - cornflakes. SWOT Analysis of Kellogg’s: Strengths: 1. Kellogg’s is a multi-billion dollar company having presence worldwide. 2. The product quality that is offered is uniform across the markets world over. 3. It has an excellent brand name and enjoys a healthy brand image. 4. Through various acquisitions it has acquired a range of products starting from breakfast cereals to nutrition bars and diet cereals. 5. Its primary strength lies in baking and innovative products it keeps coming

Marketing Principles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing Principles - Coursework Example The idea holds that achieving the goals of the company lie squarely in finding the needs of the market targeted. The company should come up with ideas that will persuade the customer’s needs by offering better products. Marketing concept relies on research carried out in the target market. Elements of the marketing process are sets of convenient tools. Such tools help the company’s blends to produce the impact it needs in the target market. There is a perception that if a company lowers the prices of the various commodities, the sales involuntarily increases. Such situations may be different. This is because customers may be looking for other components such as quality, cost effectiveness and value added services. An airline company which reduces its price by cost cutting in areas such as; airport charges, direct sales to the customers and lowering the advertisement costs may get profit in the long run (Pride & Ferrell, 2003). Placement involves all activities of a particular company that makes the products available to the target customers. A good example is the emirates airline that has continuously advertised its services to attract more customers. Promotion entails the means through which the companies communicate to its customers about their product’s values and benefits. Most companies in London have websites. Such websites act as a communication channel between the customers and the company. Market and product orientation are the two approaches of market orientation. Product-oriented approach involves a company developing products without having to focus on the customers’ needs. This kind of approach may often lead to unsuccessful ventures. A gas company in London may decide to introduce some new services without necessarily focusing on customers’ needs (Pride & Ferrell, 2003). Market-oriented approach; the company develops a product with a focus on the customers’ needs. The products developed lie squarely on the information obtained

The Impact Of Implicit Followership

The Impact Of Implicit Followership Gap on Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Quality: A Followership Approach We are often enamoured with heroic leadership, attracted to individuals known for their character, who meet challenges and overcome adversity with their charisma (1-SAF article). But we often forget, without followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Napolean would have been just a man with grandiose ambitions (Lee, 1991, p. 2). While leadership has been viewed as a reciprocal relationship between leaders and followers rather than purely leader-centric, (Hollander, xxxx or 12-SAF article), the huge academic literature on leadership has focused mainly on the leaders characteristics, selection, development, and their contributions to organisational success (for review, see Avolio, Walumbwa Weber, 2009). In the words of Lord, Brown and Freiberg, the follower remains an under-explored source of variance in understanding leadership processes(p. 167, 11, -SAF article). Followers are integral to the leadership process (Marion Uhl-Bien, 2001). Yet, their influence is often either downplayed or neglected. The emphasis on leaders over followers has resulted in companies spending 80 percent of their time and research efforts focusing on the 20 percent within organizations, while spending barely 20 percent of their time and energy with the other 80 percent (Uken, in Riggio et al., 2008 book). Consider the huge resources allocated for leadership development that stand in stark contrast to the absence of plans for followership training. The 2003 United States Training Industry Study revealed 85% of U.S. companies offer leadership training to their employees (Gavin, 2003). The financial costs of leadership training alone is approximately US$6,000 to US$7,500 per participant annually (Delahoussaye, 2001). For large corporations, the amount can add up to millions of dollars (Brown, Eager, Lawrence, 2005). In addition, most training budgets support only 20 percent (leaders) in the organization, overlooking the training needs of the other 80 percent (followers). Moreover, many leaders in organizations have followership roles too. Managers at different points in their careers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ play both roles, though seldom equally well (Kelley, 1988, p. 142). Organizations must recognise a good leader or a good follower requires both leadership and followership, and should aim to develop both in its employees. Research objectives This study aims to examine LMX quality from a followership approach. This study would be the first to examine the followership expectation gap in LMX quality. How do Implicit Followership Theories (IFTs) impacts the leader-member exchange (LMX) quality in a dyadic relationship? How does the followership expectation gap, or the gap between leaders IFT and the actual followers behaviour, affect the leader-member exchange (LMX) quality? The Followership Approach Follower-centric approaches to leadership (Meindl, 1995, p. 330) considers how followers view their leaders and their leaders behaviours. Nonetheless, they are still primarily leader-centric (Shamir, Pillai, Bligh, Uhl-Bien, 2007). On the other hand, followership approach or follower-based approach (Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995, p. 223) considers how followers view their own behaviours and roles when engaging with leaders (Uhl-Bien Pillai, 2007). Followership explores how followers behaviours are related to organizational outcomes, e.g. leadership, and the follower becomes the primary focus. Thus, with its focus on the less celebrated role of followers, the followership approach helps reverse the lens (Shamir, 2007) in leadership research. The traditional perspective of the passive follower, characterised by the attributes of conformity and docility, has been increasingly replaced by the active follower, who is courageous to shape the outcome of leadership in todays organizational context (SAF article). Good followership involves subordinates who can think independently, send supervisors honest and truthful massages, and implement difficult decisions (Lundin, Lancaster, Gardner, 1990). In the contemporary context where team work, knowledge workers, and shared leadership is emphasized, good followership skills have never been more important. Indeed, having exemplary, courageous, and star followers is regarded as a precondition for organizational success (Chaleff, 2003; Kelley, 1992). Leader-Member Exchange Unlike leadership theories that contend that leaders have a predominant leadership style and tend to treat all their followers in a similar fashion, the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory (Dansereau, Graen, Haga, 1975) states that leaders form unique exchange relationships of different quality with each of their followers. Here, the dyadic relationship is seen as reciprocal.The role of the follower is informally negotiated between followers and their leaders over time (Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995). Regarding the development of the relationship, leader-follower relationships are thought to be initiated through an initial offer from the leader, which then is potentially reciprocated by the follower (Graen, 2003). After this initial phase, in which the follower can prove him- or herself, the relationship continues with a reciprocation of contributions, that is, a reciprocation of positive actions that foster the relationship by fulfilling the other partys needs. Put differently, depending on the leaders perception of the followers contribution, the leader will feel more or less indebted to reciprocate with an own contribution until he or she perceives an equilibrium of contributions. At this stage, the follower perceives the contribution of the leader and has to decide whether he or she needs to adjust his or her own contribution, etc. As long as either of the parties still perceives that an equilibrium of contributions is not reached, the relationship is still dynamic, that is, i t can either deteriorate (when a party perceives the other to contribute less than him- or herself and thus also lowers his or her own contributions), or it can thrive (when a party perceives the other to contribute more than him- or herself and thus also increases his or her own contributions). Indeed, relationships are found to be more satisfying and thus stable when a party perceives the contributions to be almost equal or the other party to contribute more (Buunk, Doosje, Jans, Hopstaken, 1993). Contrary, a lack of reciprocation by the other party will lead people to experience negative feelings, especially when they feel that they themselves have contributed a lot to the relationship (Walster, Walster, Berscheid, 1978). Summarizing, the stability of a relationship depends on perceived reciprocation of ones own contributions by the other (Blau, 1964; Burgess Huston, 1979) and the relationship can be considered stable when both parties perceive each other as contributing an ap proximately equal amount. Leadership effectiveness is related to the quality of the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower (van Breukelen, Schyns, LeBlanc, 2006). A high quality exchange relationship is characterized by mutual trust, respect, and liking (Dansereau et al., 1975). The quality of dyadic relationship has been found to be positively related to organizational outcomes (Ilies, Nahrgang, Morgeson, 2007). Specifically, followers in high quality LMX relationships work harder (Basu Green, 1997), perform better (Vecchio Norris, 1996), experience more satisfaction with the leader (Schriesheim Gardiner, 1992), experience more job satisfaction (Scandura Graen, 1984), and are less motivated to leave the team or organization (Vecchio Norris, 1996). Implicit Followership Theories Leaders and followers alike rely on implicit theories to process social information and make social judgements (Lord and Maher, 1991). Implicit Follower Theories (IFTs) help to advance our understanding of leadership by placing the focus on followers and examining leaders cognitions (Avolio et al., 2009). IFTs are cognitive schemas which represent the traits and behaviors that characterize followers (Rosenberg Jones, 1972). Just like Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) are used to understand how leaders are viewed, IFTs can be used to understand how followers are perceived. IFTs are most accurately represented by Followership Prototype and Antiprototype (Sy, 2010). Followership Prototype is defined as industry, enthusiasm, and good citizen, while Followership Antiprototype is defined as conformity, insubordination, and incompetence. It is noteworthy to mention Engle and Lord (1997) proposed leaders develop prototypes of effective followers, called Implicit Performance Theories, and then compare follower performance to this prototype (cf. Borman, 1987; Sanders, 1999; Wernimont, 1971). Thes comparison process leads to the labelling of followers as either effectively or ineffectively contributing to relationship. However, IPTs are restricted to followers performance, whereas the cognitive schemata for IFTs include a diverse set of attributes that would reflect on the overall quality of the relationship (e.g., being honest, enthusiastic, or trustworthy). IFTs are broader than Implicit Performance Theories and therefore better capture the range of behaviours and characteristics that followers may be expected to contribute to the LMX relationship. IFT and LMX IFTs serve as benchmarks from which individuals interpret, understand, and respond to followers, and predispose individuals to judge and respond to followers in a particular way (Engle Lord, 1997). Indeed, leaders have different follower-schemas that predispose them to interpret events differently, which results different behaviors toward the followers (Goodwin et al., 2000). This is expected as implicit theories affect judgments and behaviors as they operate on the levels of conscious and unconscious information processing (van Gils et al., 2010). Leaders who have more positive IFTs may behave differently towards followers than leaders who have more negative IFTs (McGregor, 1960). Differences in leaders behaviors towards followers, as a function of their IFTs should impact leader-follower interpersonal outcomes such as liking for leaders and followers, relationship quality, etc. Individuals engage in a matching process of comparing their IFTs with a follower and based on the degree of congruence, individuals form an impression of followers that subsequently shapes their behaviors towards followers. Leaders with proactive constructions of followership may become very frustrated by followers who act consistent with passive constructions; leaders with passive constructions may view proactive followers as pushy, insubordinate and disrespectful Passive followers may find it difficult to work with leaders who have a proactive construction of followership; proactive followers may find authoritarian leaders old school and highly ineffective IFT and Followership Expectation Gap If the process of comparison between actual behaviour and implicit leadership theory exists for leaders, it thus seems only plausible to assume that there is an equivalent implicit theory for the follower. Indeed, Van Gil posits, from the leaders perspective, a match between perceived follower behaviour and leaders IFTs will lead the leader to evaluate the LMX quality more favourably. From the followers perspective, a match between own behaviour and IFT will lead to the perception of higher own contribution to the relationship. The followership expectation gap is the difference between IFT and actual follower behavior. According to Saltz (2004), When a followers behavior match the leaders IFT, the leader is likely to be satisfied with the follower. This minimizes the leadership expectation gap. t is expected that leaders are likely to develop commitment to the organization the leader represents. However, if the followers characteristics contradict the leaders expectations, the leaders are likely to experience dissatisfaction and this will undermine commitment to the organization (Saltz, 2004). Sy (2010) found leaders Followership Prototype was positively related to follower outcomes, namely liking for leaders, relationship quality with leaders, trust in leaders, and job satisfaction, while leaders Followership Antiprototype was negatively related to all follower outcomes. Hypotheses Leaders Followership Prototype would be expected to be positively related to LMX quality. Conversely, leaders Followership Antiprototype would be expected to be negatively related to LMX quality. In addition, the followership expectation gap would be expected to be negatively related to the LMX quality. Measures Participants would consist of middle Implicit Followership Theories would be assessed using Sys IFT scale. The IFT scale consists of 18 items measures six dimensions of Followership Prototype and Antiprototype. Followership Prototype consists of Industry, Enthusiasm, and Good Citizen, while Followership Antiprototype consist of Conformity, Insubordination, and Incompetence. Each dimension consists of three items. Leaders would be asked to rate how characteristic each item was for a follower. Responses would be measured with a five-point Likert scale, ranging from not at all characteristic to extremely characteristic. The scale has a Cronbachs ÃŽÂ ± of .70. To measure the quality of relationship between leaders and their subordinates, the Liden and Maslyns (1998) multi-dimensional model of leader-member exchange (LMX-MDM) scale was used. The LMX-MDM scale comprises of 12 items, and incorporates the dimensions of affect, loyalty, contribution and professional respect, with each dimension consisting of three items. Responses were measured using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The Cronbachs ÃŽÂ ± for the scale was .90. The actual followers behaviour (AB) would be measured using the same scale for IFT. Leaders would be asked to rate the extent the items in the IFT scale truly describe the behaviour they see in their followers. Responses would be measured with a five-point Likert scale, ranging from not at all true to very true. Information on gender, age, work experience (in years), duration of leader-follower relationship (in years), job position and highest academic qualification would be obtained. To ensure response to the items measuring IFT does not affect the response to the items measuring the actual behaviour, the order of the questionnaires would be IFT, LMX then AB. Followership expectation gap would be obtained by computing the squared difference between the IFT score and actual follower behaviour score. LMX quality would be obtained by adding up all the LMX dimensions. The association between leadership expectation gap and LMX quality would be examined using Simple Regression Analysis. The effect of duration of leader-follower relationship would be controlled all analysis, as it is known to have a moderating effect on LMX (Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995). Reflections IFTs may advance our understanding of Leader Member Exchange (LMX) theory by illuminating how congruence in leaders and followers ILTs and IFTs may account for relationship quality, i.e., leaders and followers both have ILTs and IFTs that function as interpretation frameworks from which relationship quality is judged (van Gils et al., 2010).

Injustice by the Chinese Government :: Politics

Injustice by the Chinese Government The right to a fair trial has been and will continue to be one of the fundamental human rights regardless of geographic location. Fifty years ago the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations in order to establish, for the first time, a worldwide standard for the just treatment of human beings {{16 United Nations}}. Today, this declaration is nearly universally accepted without regard for race, religion or political ideology, reinforcing the ideal that all humans worldwide are deserving of the same human rights and liberties. The declaration purports that â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world† {{16 United Nations}}. Tenzin Delek Rinpoche has been denied these fundamental and inalienable rights by the Chinese Government. In April 2002, Tenzin Delek and Lobsang Dondrup, a relative of Delek’s, were arrested in Lithang on charges of bombings and other separatist activities {{1 Action Network}}. In December 2002, both men were convicted of the bombings, without plausible evidence provided against them. Furthermore, both men were denied adequate legal counsel and an open trial. Lobsang Dondrup was sentenced to immediate death and was killed without being allowed to appeal the decision. Tenzin Delek was given a suspended death sentence, and his execution is set for this December {{2 Students for a Free Tibet}}. It appears that Tenzin Delek was arrested and convicted not for supposed criminal action, but the benevolence he displayed in rebuilding schools and monasteries, and his unwavering support of the Dalai Lama. As a member of the United Nations, China is bound to â€Å"the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms† {{17 United Nations}} ; which they have clearly disregarded in their prosecution of Tenzin Delek, as well as the execution of Lobsang Dondrup. In articles six through twelve the declaration clearly outlines the judiciary rights of every individual, each of which was violated by the Chinese in the arrest and ensuing prosecution of Tenzin Delek. As explicitly stated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Tenzin Delek Rinpoche has the right to a thorough and just investigation of his involvement in the bombings and separatist activity, which occurred in Chengdu, capital of the Sichuan Province, on April 3, 2002. Injustice by the Chinese Government :: Politics Injustice by the Chinese Government The right to a fair trial has been and will continue to be one of the fundamental human rights regardless of geographic location. Fifty years ago the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations in order to establish, for the first time, a worldwide standard for the just treatment of human beings {{16 United Nations}}. Today, this declaration is nearly universally accepted without regard for race, religion or political ideology, reinforcing the ideal that all humans worldwide are deserving of the same human rights and liberties. The declaration purports that â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world† {{16 United Nations}}. Tenzin Delek Rinpoche has been denied these fundamental and inalienable rights by the Chinese Government. In April 2002, Tenzin Delek and Lobsang Dondrup, a relative of Delek’s, were arrested in Lithang on charges of bombings and other separatist activities {{1 Action Network}}. In December 2002, both men were convicted of the bombings, without plausible evidence provided against them. Furthermore, both men were denied adequate legal counsel and an open trial. Lobsang Dondrup was sentenced to immediate death and was killed without being allowed to appeal the decision. Tenzin Delek was given a suspended death sentence, and his execution is set for this December {{2 Students for a Free Tibet}}. It appears that Tenzin Delek was arrested and convicted not for supposed criminal action, but the benevolence he displayed in rebuilding schools and monasteries, and his unwavering support of the Dalai Lama. As a member of the United Nations, China is bound to â€Å"the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms† {{17 United Nations}} ; which they have clearly disregarded in their prosecution of Tenzin Delek, as well as the execution of Lobsang Dondrup. In articles six through twelve the declaration clearly outlines the judiciary rights of every individual, each of which was violated by the Chinese in the arrest and ensuing prosecution of Tenzin Delek. As explicitly stated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Tenzin Delek Rinpoche has the right to a thorough and just investigation of his involvement in the bombings and separatist activity, which occurred in Chengdu, capital of the Sichuan Province, on April 3, 2002.

Dystopian Fiction Essay

Dystopian fiction is a world where everything is misery and is under strict order by the government and the people have no control and rights in the world they live in. The general reason why authors write dystopian fiction based books is to have criticism on society today or give warnings on the possibility of what could happen to our world and the devastating effects that can happen if we were to have a dystopian world. 1984 is set in a totalitarian society and this book gives us a message that too much government is a bad thing people should be able to have the right and should not be influenced under a totalitarian society. Harrison Bergeron is set in a world where everyone is equal and are handicapped to make sure everyone is equal and nobody can be different the book makes criticism of social engineering allowing stupidity. The calorie man is set in New Orleans and a smuggler Lalji as he tries to bring back fertility in crops and stop genetic manufacturing of food sources and c rop and stop the business making the profit. All of these book of us strong warnings of the possibility’s that our world could sir come to, if we don’t treat things with serious care the some mistakes made in the past could be made in the future, and that the world should not be shaped to only be benefited by a single man or company This book is all a totalitarian society. The author of the book is George Orwell, published in 1949, which back then made this books time zone was about the future. This is a story were the world is all controlled by 1 party. This party sets a lot of demands that the society has to follow day by day or they will be punished. The whole society is being watched through electrical devises, whom some are not aware of where they are located. In this story, there is a guy named Winston who is a part of the party whom is making all the rules and restriction for the society to follow. All of a sudden Winston does not want to be a part of the party and starts to give warning to people that there is too much government control and starts to warn people about the danger of living in a totalitarian society. The warnings from this story talk about how the government in the real world are in control of all of us and the fear is that one day they will take privilege of the power and start to make strict restriction just like how the party did in the book. In the book Harrison Bergeron tells a completely different version to 1984 instead of a world of a totalitarianism society it  is in a world where they make everyone equal and compared to the normal world where if you are different to the normal way we live you are silenced, but everyone is given handicaps in order to be equal. His parents one who is handicapped because of his intelligence are watching and he is on TV trying to inspire a revolution against handicapping the gifted, he is then latter shot on TV but his parents are to handicapped to of noticed what had happened. Anyone who has. This has warnings of socials engineering, society being dumbed down in order to be equal and warning about being difference being seen as a bad thing. The calorie man is set in the future were resources have dried up and scientist a genetically making food in the New Orleans, The author Paolo Bicigalupi and warns us of the effects that can happen of corporations having control over food sources and genetic engineering and the corporate control This book offers us warnings against failing to act on climate change, the risk of corporations dominating public life, and the risks of using genetic engineering to solve food problems, the possibility of terminator seeds becoming a reality. That could happen, He wants to give us a warning of intrusting too much to science and not doing anything to save and fix the environmental issues we face today. Story is about Lalji a smuggler who agrees to take a job ferrying a geneticist out of the calorie company’s lands and bringing him to New Orleans. It’s discovered that he has the ability to reintroduce fertility into crops again to break the control of the calorie companies. The purpose of dystopian fiction is to give us warnings and tell us the possibility’s to what could happen under a totalitarian society and it tells us that we should have our own rights and everybody should be equal, The point of 1984 was to tell us the consequences of what happens in a dystopian world and under totalitarian society and government.

Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway

In Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway one thing Clarissa Dalloway was always fascinated by was the stroke of Big Ben. Throughout the novel Clarissa persistently recalls memories from the past which make her live in memory, not in the moment. When watching an airplane overhead creating a message Clarissa stopped, looked up and hypocritically said, â€Å"In the triumph and the jingle and the strange high singing of some aeroplane overhead was what she loved; life; this moment of June† (Woolf 4). Clarissa Dalloway wanted to live in the moment, however she did not. â€Å"Clarissa was positive, a particular hush or solemnity; an indescribable pause; suspense before Big Ben strikes† (Woolf 4). Clarissa is completely fixated on time. Clarissa continues her obsession with living in the past by thinking of Peter Walsh, a former lover. She couldn’t be with him because she felt he’d smother her, but there’s a sense of regret whenever she thinks about him. â€Å"That was only her dear Peter at his worst; and he could be intolerable; he could be impossible; but adorable to walk with on a morning like this† (Woolf 7). Clarissa dreams about the past thinking it would be better than the present. The strike of Big Ben brings Clarissa’s present mood, exactly what she’s feeling in that moment into perception. â€Å"The sound of Big Ben flooded Clarissa’s drawing-room, where she sat, every so annoyed, at her writing-table; worried; annoyed† (Woolf 117). Big Ben captures her present mood again; it has an omnipresence that makes Clarissa aware of her reality. Often Clarissa lives in fantasy, not reality. Big Ben serves as an alarm so to speak to bring her back to reality. â€Å"Big Ben struck the half-hour† (Woolf 127). Clarissa looks into the window of her neighbor, an elderly woman who she had never known. This woman symbolizes Clarissa’s final reality check. Towards the end of Clarissa’s party she steps into another room, leaving her soci... Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway In Virginia Woolf’s novel, Mrs. Dalloway, she portrays numerous complicating and intriguing passages in which she presents the readers with many questions and confusing scenarios. One particular section that I feel is very problematic and controversial, but also very interesting, is the passage in which Clarissa Dalloway discusses two major components that destroy one’s privacy of soul: love and religion. Love, as she sees it, destroys the soul. Clarissa illustrates this idea through a middle-aged man, Peter Walsh, who is very emotionally attached to her. For Clarissa, Peter destroys her privacy by wanting to know everything and completely possessing her soul. In addition, Clarissa feels that religion can also destroy one’s privacy. For instance, Mrs. Kilman, a bitter old woman, continually tries to know Clarissa’s faults and sins. For me, this section has been very disturbing and frustrating; however, because of Clarissa Dalloway, I am now beginning to u nderstand why she feels the way she does. What bothers me is the fact that a person can never completely know someone. You may think you know everything about them, but in actuality, everyone has secrets. Privacy of soul has been a theme throughout this novel, and it’s in this section thus the readers learn that one’s privacy may not be as private as he or she thought. The problem for Clarissa Dalloway is that she feels through two major components her privacy is taken away from her. She describes these two components, Love and Religion, as being â€Å"detestable.† This strikes me as being very odd. I have always felt that love is the most essential and promising thing one can have in this lifetime. To know someone so well and know what they’re thinking, or feeling, without them saying anything is a very unique gift. On the other hand, however, Clarissa would argue differently. For her, this kind of love is very overwhelming and unhealthy. For that reason, she can not l... Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway In Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway one thing Clarissa Dalloway was always fascinated by was the stroke of Big Ben. Throughout the novel Clarissa persistently recalls memories from the past which make her live in memory, not in the moment. When watching an airplane overhead creating a message Clarissa stopped, looked up and hypocritically said, â€Å"In the triumph and the jingle and the strange high singing of some aeroplane overhead was what she loved; life; this moment of June† (Woolf 4). Clarissa Dalloway wanted to live in the moment, however she did not. â€Å"Clarissa was positive, a particular hush or solemnity; an indescribable pause; suspense before Big Ben strikes† (Woolf 4). Clarissa is completely fixated on time. Clarissa continues her obsession with living in the past by thinking of Peter Walsh, a former lover. She couldn’t be with him because she felt he’d smother her, but there’s a sense of regret whenever she thinks about him. â€Å"That was only her dear Peter at his worst; and he could be intolerable; he could be impossible; but adorable to walk with on a morning like this† (Woolf 7). Clarissa dreams about the past thinking it would be better than the present. The strike of Big Ben brings Clarissa’s present mood, exactly what she’s feeling in that moment into perception. â€Å"The sound of Big Ben flooded Clarissa’s drawing-room, where she sat, every so annoyed, at her writing-table; worried; annoyed† (Woolf 117). Big Ben captures her present mood again; it has an omnipresence that makes Clarissa aware of her reality. Often Clarissa lives in fantasy, not reality. Big Ben serves as an alarm so to speak to bring her back to reality. â€Å"Big Ben struck the half-hour† (Woolf 127). Clarissa looks into the window of her neighbor, an elderly woman who she had never known. This woman symbolizes Clarissa’s final reality check. Towards the end of Clarissa’s party she steps into another room, leaving her soci...

JUVENILE DELIQUENTS essays

JUVENILE DELIQUENTS essays Since the begining of time, people would get in trouble for breaking the rules. Consequences lead to time in prison, death penalty or life in prison, despite age. Now a days, more and more juvenile delquents are commiting more crimes and getting away with easy pushinment. Laws should make more strict laws against minors who commite crimes, and then maybe, the crime rate for minors would decrease. Everyday, minors get put in positions to choose right from wrong. Do you think that minors who choose to do wrong think twice about the consequences? Maybe they get put into that position to do wrong by peer pressure. They have friends who influence them and get dragged into a worse position. They want to be able to feel like they are a part of the in crowd. The more influenced they get, the more they want the adreanline rush of breaking the rules. Some minors get a pleasure of breaking the rules. They think that its funny, and just as long as its not them getting hurt, it doesn't bother them on bit. Parents play a big role in most of these Juvenile deliquents lives. If parents are not around to teach their kids right from wrong, where else are they suppose to learn from? They watch crimes being commited on T.V and want to be exactly like that. Some parents could care-less. But I believe its not intentionally, maybe they are drug addicts, alcoholics, or in prison. And sometimes, parents want to only make their child happy, and let them run wild and do whatever they please. If parents worried more about their children's future and less about making them happy, do you think the minority crime rate would go down? Minors should have more stricter laws for commiting crimes. It is important that the crime rate for minorities decrease, before in the future increases my a very high percentage. Everyone in a Juvenile deliquents life plays a big role in their life, and if they showed that they cared and that they are always going to ...

Clinical Biochemistry- Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Biochemistry- Case Study - Essay Example The result of short ACTH stimulation test and random serum cortisol levels confirm this suspicion. Upon doing a CT scan, adrenal glands are small, atrophic, and calcified. The damage may have been caused by an autoimmune disease or secondary to diseases such as Histoplasma, Coccidiodes, Tuberculosis infections, metastases, lymphomas, hemorrhage, amyloid, sarcoid, and hemochromatosis, to which the patient is currently suffering or has already been freed from. To see whether the adrenal gland disorder is autogenic, presence of adrenocortical autoantibodies is assayed. None were detected. When thorax of the patient underwent CT scan, both lungs are fibrous, and the right apex has calcifications. The fibrotic scars and the calcified right apex cavity are indications of a previous Tuberculosis infection. Because no respiratory problems were identified, the infection has already been resolved. Because Tuberculosis is common in Third World countries, and was still one of the leading causes of mortality during the 1950s, the patient may have been infected during her stay at Kenya when sh e worked as a missionary. Four months prior to consult, the patient felt similar symptoms, and was then found to be hyponatremic, hyperkalemic and hypoglycaemic. No further tests were reported to have been performed at that time. Plan: Therapy involves hormonal replacement. Oral corticosteroids such as Fludrocortisones (Florinef) to replace aldosterone, and Hydrocortisone (Cortef), prednisone, and cortisone acetate to replace cortisol may be provided. Corticosteroid injections may also be an option, especially during Addisonian crisis, when blood pressure drops together with a decrease in blood sugar and an increase in serum potassium levels. Unlike Cushing’s syndrome, which involves an increase in the levels of adrenal gland hormones, Addison’s disease is an illness in which the adrenal glands are damages, thereby decreasing

Structured bimanual actions and hand transfers reveal population-level Article

Structured bimanual actions and hand transfers reveal population-level right-handedness in captive gorillas - Article Example Studies conducted of a similar nature have shown that approximately 95% of the population that predominantly uses the right-hand show language control and development in their left hemispheres. Recent hypothesis have suggested that an initial evolutionary section of cognitive function has assisted in the emergence of a left hemisphere inclination for human beings conduct supported by well-structured series of actions. The human left hemisphere bias for language development and handedness has promoted a perception of human brain lateralization functions. Some of these studies have suggested that there exists a direct relationship between handedness and linguistic development, such as spoken word. Different studies have however shown contradicting results and significant debate. In the present study, the author sought to investigate the naturalistic impulsive conduct of a biological group of gorillas (Tabiowo & Forrester, 2013). Data compiled from the study involved the observation of 13 Gorillas of a biological family in the UK. The gorillas were housed at Port Lympne Park in the UK. The Gorillas were given access to a wide range of tools that were used in assessing them throughout the duration of the study. The tools included ropes, tree stumps, a pile of boulders, and a couple of climbing frames. Different types of feeds were administered to encourage the usual scavenging behavior. The Gorillas were observed, and their behavior recorded in a motion video founded on a focal-sampling model. The average focus time on each subject was recorded low at between 55-215 minutes. Low visibility prohibited desired focal follow periods. For the two observable elements, namely handedness and actions that were bimanual in nature, frequencies rates, and sizes were computed. Statistical measures were employed to establish consistency of the results across a wide range of mathematical preferences. In particular, rates an d sizes

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE - Essay Example Nurse Rachett is an experienced intensive care nurse, therefore any decision she makes concerning the treatment offered in the intensive care unit is justified. However, Nurse Rachett is not a surgeon and could not make any decision concerning the operation and the breathing device without consultation from Dr. Kildare was not appropriate. The attempt to clear the breathing device while she was supposed to summon Dr. Kildare as directed is a medical negligence because Rameez ended up dead. Therefore there is a medical negligence on the part of Nurse Rachett. Rameez was forced through emergency to have surgery performed by Dr. Kildare; however, Rameez could expect the specialist surgeon’s degree of skill because Dr. Kildare was a specialist. In the intensive care, Nurse Rachett is mentioned as an experienced intensive care nurse; therefore Rameez expected and deserved an expert service. Rameez died out of the negligence of Nurse Rachett because she failed to summon Dr. Kildare, may be Rameez would have recovered if Dr. Kildare was summoned to clear the breathing device. Just like the motorists owe a duty of reasonable care to other road users, Lister N.H.S. hospital and its medical staff also owe to Rameez duty to care for his well being and safety. Breach of such duty may result into claims for succeeding damages. However, a difference exists between these two parties is that while majority of people, as a matter of common sense can decide on circumstances where motorists ride carelessly, most of medical treatments entail highly technical and specialized skills. For instance, the insertion of breathing device and decision to carry out an operation on Rameez required specialized and technical skills. If executors of Rameez decide to file a suit, then according to Tom (2005), a court of law will have to get more evidence from other medical specialists on the usual safeguards and correct procedures observed in specific medical treatments before making any d ecision on the damage caused as a result of negligence. Lister N.H.S. hospital was responsible for protecting Rameez from harm and to offer acceptable level of care. As Rameez’s executors, they are entitled to file a complaint if Rameez never received reasonable care and standards as this amounts to breach of duty of care owed to Rameez. Whenever there is breach to this duty of care, a medical negligence is usually committed by health professional. Doctors are responsible for ensuring that patient understands all risks associated with treatments so as they can provide an informed consent. Failure of which there is claim for medical negligence can be pursued. The case of Rameez amounts to medical negligence because Nurse Rachett failed to summon Dr. Kildare and hence did not provide reasonable care to Rameez which resulted into his death. According to Tom (2005), in order to claim this negligence in the part of a health professional (Dr. Kildare and Nurse Rachett), the plainti ff (Rameez) and his executors must prove the following: That duty to care was owed to the patient: legal duty for care exists any time health care provider or hospital takes care of the patient’s treatment. That duty to care was breached: the health professional failed to conform to and/ or provide acceptable standards of care That breach of duty for care caused harm or injury to the patient: the breach of duty for care is the proximate cause of injury or harm suffered by the patient That patient actually suffered a loss or damage: without

Foundation Essay Essay Example for Free

Foundation Essay Essay B-boys and B-girl are in the Hip-Hop world. A lot of young people in the world are interested in hip-hop and that music. When we think of hip-hop, we are likely to think about: they are African American, aggressive and rap-music etc. Why do we consider the stereotype of hip-hop? What is based on our thinking about this stereotype? Before we discuss about them, we need to know what hip-hop is. Why do B-boys and B-girls interest in the hip-hop? We focused on the term: hip-hop. Foundation says that hip-hop is used to refer to three different concepts. When we understand the concepts of hip-hop, we are likely to understand about B-boys and B-girls as well as why they becomes to be B-boys and B-girls. Even though, they may break our society rule, they are likely to follow their hip-hop concepts. For better worse, people should follow their own rule. Hip-hop is established dance and music category. These idea is not based on anything so this is my hypothesis whether B-boy follow the concepts or not. The most important aspect of this variety of the hip-hop is that it is unmediated. In other words, the idea of hip-hop is happened B-boys and B-girls spontaneously. They just express themselves on the hip-hop. It seems to be the advertisement without no product. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. These ideas often appear in the period of adolescence. In this period, young people do not make their identity so that they are stumped about themselves. In that time, when they meet hip-hop, they are interested in hip-hop because it is easy for them to express. They just dance using their body, and do not use specific tool. Second, the term hip-hop refers to a form of popular music that developed, or was developed, out of hip-hop culture. It means that rap-music came from the interaction between hip-hop culture and the preexisting music industry. Hip-hop is strongly related to the rap-music. A lot of people can connect to hip-hop to listen to rap-music. Thirdly, the term hip-hop is increasingly used as a kind of loose demographic designation for contemporary African American youth, regardless of whether or not they have any overt connection to rap music or to other hip-hop arts. These idea turns out to be phrases as the hip-hop attitude and the hip-hop generation. In view of this sense, hip-hop is usually invoked to emphasize age and class over race when singling out young African Americans, either for praise or criticism. As we know, the culture of hip-hop is related to young African American. However, some problems are likely to arise in our society. In one online cone column, Jason Whitlock blames hip-hop for the lack of discipline among contemporary football players. Hip-hop is the dominant culture of black youth. In general music, especially hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. Rappers and rockers are no trying to fix problems. They create problems for attention. That philosophy, attitude and behavior go against everything football coaches stand for. They’re in a constant battle to squash rebellion, dissent and second opinions from their player†¦ what we’ re witnessing today are purposeless, selfish acts of buffoonery. Sensible people have grown tired of it. Football people are recognizing it doesn’t contribute to a winning environment. Whitlock2007) This column expresses well how hip-hop culture relates to our society. It seems to be biased this story by author, however, taking three hip-hop concepts into consideration; his statement is likely to be reliable. As he pointed out, hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. I think that his opinion is the same as that of most people. Hip-hop culture, part icularly, black American culture is likely to be against our society. This culture seems to relate to the counter culture. Counterculture was popular from 1960 to 1970. Hip-hop culture began in 1970 so young people in around 60s and 70s were definitely affected by counterculture. To wrap out the term of hip-hop, black American lives in the hip-hop culture and then they become to be B-boys and B-girls. They are interested in the rap-music. Their idea about hip-hop seems to be the advertisement without promoting product. Their life is hip-hop culture and one of B-boy and B-girls way to express them. I consider the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. We have already known about what the term: hip-hop is. It is good order to learn the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. When we understand the history and the meaning of hip-hop, we will get what they want to dance, why they want to dance and how they dance on the hip-hop. Also, we should check whether my hypothesis is correct or not. In the early hip-hop era, they did not use hip-hop songs. These songs were the rock and funk songs. Their originators danced to in the half-decade between hip-hop’s emergences as a sociocultural movement around 1974 and the development of an associated musical gene rein 1970. By the mid-70s the musical breaking the song had taken on a new life as a historical break between the end of soul culture and the beginning of hip-hop culture. † The breaking in the hip-hop is important for them to dance on the hip-hop. The brake is the original essence of the dance and the seed of its tradition. In this case, these breaking do not lead to rebellion; Jason Whitlock talked, in our society. However, from point of view of the roots of hip-hop, breaking songs and creating problems, Jason pointed out, is the same thing. Without lack of information about the term of hip-hop, we do not reach their breaking idea. That’s why leaning the term of hip-hop first is the most important. â€Å"B-boys songs are valued as frameworks forth act of B-boying because they combine practical factors that facilitate the particular dance style with socio-historical associations that place any given performance in the context of b-boy history. †¦ The earliest B-boy danced to these songs in their entirety, saving their best moves for the break therefore the deejays began to focus on the breaks in the first place. The hip-hop is influenced by samba, mambo, salsa and Latin music. The syncopation of samba rhythms is fundamental aspect of the relationship between movement and suppressed elements of a composition. So, B-boy and B-girl’s dance is based on samba and then they arrange their dance to express themselves well. In view of Latin music, conga drums had become one of the important sounds to arise Afri can American musical nationalism. The instrument was an important part of the sound of another of America’s great cultural achievements: funk. The vibrant music relationship that b-boys and B-girls maintain with these songs belies easy stereotypes about the relative value of live versus recorded music. † In other words, without recoding of these songs –the way they seem to capture and time an place in which they were made is an important part of their appeal. Their emotion and dance expresses themselves at that time. So, recording their feeling and motion seems to getting decrease value. When we think of the concepts of hip-hop, it makes sense that no recording about them is more value than that of the recording. They just dance for expressing themselves. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. It is generally accepted that reality is more important than recoding reality. For example, we think of rock concert and that video. Which one do you think that things of value are? It is needless to say that we choose the rock concert because the concert is definitely more valuable than that of video. In conclusion, B-boy and B-girl have followed by their rule. They have been adding some dance and music on the hip-hop and developing their skill of dance and music. I believe that their breaking will be potential for producing new dance and music categories in the future. After leaning the concept of hip-hop and their early activities, my image of hip-hop is dramatically changing to that of favorable impression. When we encounter the unknown thing, we are likely to regard that as bad thing. However, in most cases, it is too much biased by mass media. Most people in the hip-hop world are striving for developing their dance and music, and they follow the concepts of hip-hop. Their hip-hop world including dance and music is keeping for expanding our world. They will create their new way of expressing themselves.

An Analysis Social Media Media Essay

An Analysis Social Media Media Essay We have witnessed lots of changes in the communication field over the past few years. Different types of communication media have been emerging and making their way into the market and have made the communication needs of the customers cheaper owing to competition. Internet is one of those things that contributed to the revolutionary changes in the recent times. There have been many changes and different stages of evolution in the said field even with the use of internet. Different methods and technologies have been evolving to use the internet in a better way. Social networking is one of those that have and have been making the internet exciting by the day. The latest buzz Social Networking added to make users more interactive with their friends (Ivanauskas, 2009). Social Networking sites like Facebook, Orkut, MySpace, and Twitter are already in to the market and making their presence felt by having lot of members join their networks and communicate with their friends and buddy list through their websites. The above mentioned social networking websites have bridged a lot of gap between friends who are priory difficult to stay in touch. They also have many users friendly and value added features such as sharing media and playing online games etc. The increasing demand for these websites meant the marketing companies have started focussing on these websites to attract the unique customer groups these websites represent. The latest buzz in marketing that reaches customer directly has been social networking. Aim: Main aim of this dissertation is to know how the social networking influences the current generation through the extensive utilisation of social networking for marketing purposes and evaluating the social networking sites as a medium of advertisement. Objectives: To study the effect of social networking websites on the current generation. Researching latest marketing strategies of business by using Internet Technologies including social networking sites Conducting a consumer survey about the usefulness and effectiveness of advertisements in social media networks. Context: First online community created was SixDegrees.com in the year 1997. And it used allow users to create their own profile and make them available to their friend by adding to their friends list (Adrian, 2008). The first ever social networking website however did not stand the tide of time and was closed due to reasons which are out of scope of this dissertation. The time spent by the netizens on the social networking sites is increasing by the day and the recent studies only go on to show the same. The community websites hold major part of Internet traffic and it increased 230% since from 2007 (Diana, 2010). The time spent on the internet increased by around 65% by the users in UK from 2007 to 2010 (Burrows, 2010). The statistics also show that the average age of the users of the social networking sites is predominantly low like in the 20 to 30 and 30 to 40 groups due to various reasons. (Michael, 2008) The projections also indicate a billion users for the social networking sites by the end of 2012. The increasing strength of these websites makes the marketing departments rethink their marketing strategies. After going through lots of articles and statistics related to online communities, it has been observed that the latest market trend was revolving around these networking sites and making most of this to their business advantage. Acknowledging the fact that teenagers do spend a lot of time online, it would be interesting to take advantage of this new trend and utilize it for the classroom more specific to the teaching and learning process. (Pingdom, 2010) Experts predict that between 2007 and 2011, U.S. ad spending on social networks will grow 180% from $900 million to $2.5 billion, as illustrated below in Figure II, which is attributable to increased revenue projections of the popular social networking site Facebook and increased spending on niche social networks (Zarina, 2009). It is indeed surprising to observe the share of internet marketing in the youth related companies. Modern marketing companies started making tools to make use of this trend and the same can be observed by studying these websites. In fact many companies adopted marketing in social networking websites as their major outlet of advertising and publicity. (RedBridge, 2008; MLC, 2008) The companies are also undergoing a major change technologically like adopting technologies such as web 2.0 to use the marketing space and opportunity in the modern websites such as Facebook, twitter etc which are mentioned above. According to Bakardjieva (2004), technologies of communication media were instrumental factors in building up successful communities that exists today. The increasing demand for the online communities and social networking websites is making new companies enter the arena. The investments of major IT companies in the already existing social networking websites (Google invested $900 million in MySpace and Microsoft $240 millions in Facebook) goes on to show the obvious which is the potential of these sites for the future (Ivanauskas, 2009). The investment is looked upon not as a business opportunity but rather as a marketing venue for these big companies to promote their already existing products. Companies on the other hand besides grabbing big opportunities such as above also are not missing out on being on the user side of these websites and being part of the plan when it comes to their target population. Almost everyone these days seem to have their presence in almost all the social networking sites which are most common in those respective regions. An account in Facebook, MySpace and Twitter seem to be the most common thing to most companies to reach out to customers on a direct basis. The customers are rising their doubts and the interaction is what is making the use of these websites so unique compared to other marketing strategies (Grunert, 2009). The above unique facts about the social networking and the new trends of marketing that are starting to spread making use of the same made the choice easier. It was decided that the area has lot of scope for research. Literature Review: According to Linda Peters (1998), the Web presents a fundamentally different environment both as a medium and as a market from traditional communication channels perspective. Itcreates the Marketspace a virtual realm where products and services exist as digital information and can be delivered through information-based channels (Rayport and Svikola, 1994). The companies and consumers quickly adopted the new concept of the new interactive world for their own benefits. These interactive channels allowed companies to reach new markets or have a grater influence in the existing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (i.e. example media companies transferred their news papers in order reach new audiences) and the consumers had an opportunity to save time and money by communicating, looking for information or buying product and services online. The concept of interactivity has been extensively researched in advertising and marketing literature and was summarized by Johnson (Johnson et al, 2006) According to Liu Shrum (2002) emergence of new media (Internet), brought new models of interactivity: user-to-user and user-to-message. Contemplating about user-to-user interactivity Ha and James (1998) suggested that the more communication in a computer-mediated environment resembles interpersonal communication, the more interactive the communication isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Steuer (1992) defined users-to-message interaction as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Lee (2005) summarized the main components of online interactivity Commercial online services and the introduction of the Web have created the potential for a mass interactive dialogue between exchange parties (Peters, 1998). The world have witnessed the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that blurred the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication (Neuman, 2003). The new market space changed the behavior of the people and the communication models. The shift is then from a one (firm)-to-many (consumers) model of communication to the many-to-many model where contribution to the medium and the message may come from both directions (Hoffman and Novak, 1996). Chaffey (Dave Chaffey et al., 2007) argues that such kind of communications allows mass customization and personalization and the messages send trough Internet can be targeted more effectively. Moreover, the Web is changing the traditional marketing communications concepts as t he consumers can go all the way from awareness to interest to desire to action (AIDA Framework), all within the same medium and within the same session (Economist, 2008a). Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the emergence of new, digital technologies signals ia a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources. One of the key features of the new electronic communication media is the ability of consumers to control both contact and content (Peters, 1998). Sohn and Lackenby (2002) suggest that individuals participation in social communication processes is the crucial factor for increasing the perceived interactivity of the Internet (citied in Stafford and Ronald, 2005). Moreover, according to Normann and Ramirez (1994) the consumers become co-producers, because the value is constantly created in interaction with many different players, including consumers, suppliers, employees and managers. As a result, marketers are losing control over the communication messages their trying to deliver to their consumers. According to Gatarski and Lundkvist (1998) when communication, in the meaning of sharing information, meets i nteractivity, it creates not simple massages but forms two-way conversations. These conversations can be applied in production as implementation of mutual ideas (consumers and producersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸) in order to create new enjoyable products or services. 2.1 Introduction to changing media and communications landscape The last century was a gold age for the media development. The new technologies as Telephone, Radio and Television have changed peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s lives forever. The new ways of communications have been successfully adopted and become a norm. The last decade of the century brought the new innovative technology Internet. As predicted by Newman (1991) Internet: Altered the meaning of geographic distance. Allowed the huge increase in the volume of communication. Provided the possibility of increasing the speed of communication. Provided opportunities for interactive communication. Allowed forms of communication that was previously separate to overlap and interconnect. Grieco and Holmes (1999) (citied in Combe et al, 2003) identifies three powerful features of Internet: 1. Disintermediation or the removal of brokers by allowing direct communication across spatial and sociometric distance; 2. Asynchronicyty of the removal of temporality as a barrier to communications; 3. Oculacy or the ability to communicate messages through images. According to Hermeking (2006) The global spread of modern technology, including information and communication technology (ICT), is commonly regarded both as an indicator of the postmodern era of globalization and as the very precondition for that era of intensive worldwide interactions of people and exchanges of goods, services, information, and capital. Hoffman (Hoffman et al., 1995) argues that the popularity of the WWW as a commercial medium (in contrast to other networks on the Internet) is due to its ability to facilitate global sharing of information and resources, and its potential to provide an efficient channel for advertising, marketing, and even direct distribution of certain goods and information services. In the recent years Internet witnessed amazing growth, according to Internet Consumption Report (Soumukil, 2008) the 21% (1,407,724,920) of the world population (6,676,120,288) are internet consumers. Most of them live in well developed regions as North America where internet penetration is as high as (73.1%), Australia (57.0%) and Europe (47.7%). Peters (1998) suggest that no other technological innovation has captured the imagination of users with the speed and impact of the Internet (Graph 1). According to Linda Peters (1998), the Web presents a fundamentally different environment both as a medium and as a market from traditional communication channels perspective. It creates the Marketspace a virtual realm where products and services exist as digital information and can be delivered through information-based channels (Rayport and Svikola, 1994). The companies and consumers quickly adopted the new concept of the new interactive world for their own benefits. These interactive channels allowed companies to reach new markets or have a grater influence in the existing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (i.e. example media companies transferred their news papers in order reach new audiences) and the consumers had an opportunity to save time and money by communicating, looking for information or buying product and services online. The concept of interactivity has been extensively researched in advertising and marketing literature and was summarized by Johnson (Johnson et al, 2006) (Appendix 1.1). According to Liu Shrum (2002) emergence of new media (Internet), brought new models of interactivity: user-to-user and user-to-message. Contemplating about user-to-user interactivity Ha and James (1998) suggested that the more communication in a computer-mediated environment resembles interpersonal communication, the more interactive the communication isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Steuer (1992) defined users-to-message interaction as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Lee (2005) summarized the main components of online interactivity (Table 1). Commercial online services and the introduction of the Web have created the potential for a mass interactive dialogue between exchange parties (Peters, 1998). The world have witnessed the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that blurred the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication (Neuman, 2003). The new market space changed the behavior of the people and the communication models. The shift is then from a one (firm)-to-many (consumers) model of communication to the many-to-many model where contribution to the medium and the message may come from both directions (Hoffman and Novak, 1996). Chaffey (Dave Chaffey et al., 2007) argues that such kind of communications allows mass customization and personalization and the messages send trough Internet can be targeted more effectively. Moreover, the Web is changing the traditional marketing communications concepts as t he consumers can go all the way from awareness to interest to desire to action (AIDA Framework), all within the same medium and within the same session (Economist, 2008a). Peters (1998) suggests four main changes in communication model compare the new and old media: 1. Communication style tend to have little or no time lag between the giving, receiving and responding aspects of communication between the parties. 2. Social presence or perceived personalness, the feeling that communication exchanges are sociable, warm, personal, sensitive and active. 3. Control of contact Early research into the willingness of consumers to utilize technology in shopping behavior concludes that the ability to control the pace and presentation of product information has the strongest influence on willingness to engage in computer-mediated marketing activity (Carson et al., 1996). 4. Content The content can be customised either by users or by senders. Where users are able to control the content, or presentation, of the message it is said to be interactive. Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the emergence of new, digital technologies signals ia a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources. One of the key features of the new electronic communication media is the ability of consumers to control both contact and content (Peters, 1998). Sohn and Lackenby (2002) suggest that individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s participation in social communication processes is the crucial factor for increasing the perceived interactivity of the Internet (citied in Stafford and Ronald, 2005). Moreover, according to constantly created in interaction with many different players, including consumers, suppliers, employees and managers. As a result, marketers are losing control over the communication messages their trying to deliver to their consumers. According to Gatarski and Lundkvist (1998) when communication, in the meaning of sharing information, meets interactivity, it creates not simple massages but forms two-way conve rsations. These conversations can be applied in production as implementation of mutual ideas (consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s and producersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸) in order to create new enjoyable products or services. 2.2 Social media and Web 2.0 2.2.1 Social media The real power of people can be noticed in the new revolutionized media channel social media. According to Mayfield (2008) social media is best understood as a group of new kinds of online media, which share most or all of the following characteristics: Participation Engagement: social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested. It blurs the line between media and audience. Openness: most social media services are open to feedback and participation. They encourage voting, comments and the sharing of information. There are rarely any barriers to accessing and making use of content password-protected content is frowned on. Conversation: whereas traditional media is about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾broadcastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (content transmitted or distributed to an audience) social media is better seen as a two-way conversation. Community: social media allows communities to form quickly and communicate effectively. Communities share common interests, such as a lov e of photography, a political issue or a favourite TV show. Connectedness: Most kinds of social media thrive on their connectedness, making use of links to other sites, resources and people Drury (2008) suggests that when analyzing social media marketers too often concentrates on the media factor, when social element is the key, because marketing within social media is about building a relationship and conversation with the audience, where the simple message delivery is changed by ongoing exchange of perceptions and ideas between company and the consumer. Haven (2008) suggests that social media key elements are not entirely new as features of sharing, connecting, opining, broadcasting and creating has been long in our lives, but there are several characteristics of new technologies and behaviors that set them apart from the past: Reach Historically, audiences for the common person have been limited: a tribe, family, friends, neighbors, or the local community. Todays technologies pr ovide scale and enable anyone to reach a global audience. Accessibility The means of production for most media used to lie in the hands of enterprises with unlimited resources (financial or human). Todays technologies for media creation are available to anyone at little or no cost. Usability The means of production typically required specialized skills and training, both technically and creatively. Todays technologies simplify those processes, or in some cases reinvent them, so anyone can create and operate the means of production. Transparency People, especially Americans, historically kept personal information to themselves and had a general distrust of authority (enterprises, government, etc.). Today, people are willing to share anything about themselves (interests, location, family situations, health condition, etc.) in a public venue, and todays technologies make that both possible and purposeful. Recency When people did have the means of production and distribution in the past (albeit limited), the time lag between communications was typically long (days, weeks, or even months). It was a limitation of the technology or system in which it operated. Todays technologies enable instantaneous responses and dialog where only the participant determines the delay in response. The interactivity gains a new meaning when it is applied through Web 2.0 platforms and Social media channels as dialogue between consumer and company becomes much more active and interactive. As summarized in the media landscape analysis the past decade was all about two-way communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s and interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s models. Most of the marketing academics (Kotler, 2003; Pettit and Brassington, 2005) recognized the importance of creating two-way marketing channels between consumer and company for brand building, CRM, sales (and etc). Social media, itself, does not change this idea, but redefines interactivity and takes it to another level. Armano (2008a) argues that social media goes beyond the interactive marketing which is facilitated by computer-human interaction, and introduces human-to-human interaction enabled by technology (Appendix 2.1). The main difference is that the companies instead of pushing the content (i.e. automated e-mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s) through online channels empower people to engage and interact with other people and produce new content about the company (blogging, commenting, social networking and etc.). Free production of content and voluntary distribution is the key elements of the social media. Meadows-Klue (2008) suggests that in social media marketing engagement replaces interruption; diversity and self-expression replace conformism and unity; the media of the masses replace mass media; granular insights and rich data replaces generalization and conversations in marketing replace control. Another major change from the marketing perspective is the shift from persuasion to influence. Past decades marketing practitioners were using the communication mix in order to attack consumers with pervasive messages to make them buy goods and services offered, but in the age where 25 percent of search results on Google for the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s 20 largest brands links to consumer-generated content (Nielsen Buzz Metrics, 2007 ), to do this is too late, not practical or impossible, as the messages are already floating out there. According to Mitchell (2008) this process is facilitated by the change of information flows from top down (B2C) to bottom up (C2B) what redefines marketing environment as marketers do not own the message anymore (Figure 2.2, Apendix 2.2). Armano (2008) suggests that people can be divided in different grouping according their strength as the massagers (Apedix 2.3) The User Generated Content (UGC) can become influential message of the consumer to the consumer (C2C) about the company and therefore should be carefully monitored. In fact, the content is the new message in social media channels. According to Eikelmann (Eikelmann et al, 2008) the best marketers can do in this environment is to try to engage with the consumers through social media in order influence these messages. Drury (2008) suggests that instead of sending simple messages, marketers should provide the content which would be relevant for consumers and would generate conversations among them. Therefore, influence will become a standard measurement in Marketing 2.0 (Dowdell, 2008). As blogger and social media strategist Douma (2008) put it: The age of persuasion is over. Welcome to the age of influence. Marketers are forced to look for alternative communication strategies to market in the social media environment, because advertising clutter, growing advertising literacy and changing consumer behaviour drives down the return on investment (Biegel, 2008; Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). These strategies have to consider the increasing fragmentation in the markets. 2.2.2 Web 2.0 Social media and Web 2.0 are two terms which are often used interchangeably in the marketing literature, even though they are not entirely the same. From the marketing perspective, the Web 2.0 should be perceived as the new tools for the marketing communication mix and facilitator and enabler of social media. The Web 2.0 term was introduced by Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly in 2004, it has originated from talks about social software and the communities surrounding these applications. According Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly (Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly, 2007) the companies that survived the dotcom boom had something in common; these companies realized that the Web is much more useful for delivering service than being used just as a platform for packaged products (i.e. software). Constantinides and Fountain (2008) defined Web 2.0 as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Web 2.0 is a collection of open-source, interactive and user-controlled online applications expanding the experiences, knowledge and mar ket power of the users as participants in business and social processes. Web 2.0 applications support the creation of informal users networks facilitating the flow of ideas and knowledge by allowing the efficient generation, dissemination, sharing and editing / refining of informational content . Hoegg (Hoegg et al, 2005) suggests that Web 2.0 is the philosophy of mutually maximizing collective intelligence and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic information sharing and creationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Both definitions share similar concepts of maximizing the collective intelligence, self-regulating community, network effect, transparency of the information creation and sharing process, but the key element in these terms is the user. From technological perspective, there are not many changes in the Web 2.0 compared to Web 1.0 applications; the real value is created by people not only using this social software but participating in the creation process of it (by creating and editing the new content or even in some cases modifying the application itself). According to Constantinides and Fountain (2008), the key innovative elements typifying this new family of web applications can be summarized as three main principles: 1. Focus on simple, service-based open-source solutions in the form of online applications. 2. Continuous and incremental application development requiring the participation and interaction of users in new ways: not only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-consumingbut also contributing, reviewing and editing content. 3. New service-based business models and new opportunities for reaching small individual customers with low-volume products. As Web 2.0 applications are still in the development stage, the grouping of them varies according to the purpose and field of the research. Hoegg (Hoegg et al, 2005) groups web 2.0 applications according the services they provide (Figure 2.4). Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly (2005) argues that Web 2.0 doesnt have a hard boundary, but rather, a gravitational core which could be visualized as a set of principles and practices that tie together a veritable solar system of sites that demonstrate some or all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core (Appendix 2.4). Therefore it is difficult to classify the Web 2.0 into the precise groupings, because the applications are interrelated and most of the time a few Web 2.0 features works on one platform. The mixture of Web 2.0 applications working under one site are known as Mash-ups. According to Mayfield (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢this combination of two or more pieces of content (or software, or websites) is one of the phenomena in social media that make it at once so exciting, fast-moving and sometimes bewilderingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. But even more important feature of Web 2.0 applications is the adaptability in the different platforms. Social applications are becoming more and more popular on mobile devices (Phones, iPods (via podcasts)). In fact, according to BBC News (2008) one of the reasons the Internet usage on the mobile devices is increasing Web 2.0 applications. According to Drury (2008) social media applications has an ability to bring Head (Professional) and Tail (UGC) content together in all the formats (audio, video , text). As more and more professionally edited websites incorporates social media content some companies (i.e. Joost) are trying to apply Web 2.0 principals (live participation) for even bigger media platforms as TV. These applications are being tested in the Internet TV and in the near future have a good chance to redefine TV experience completely. All theses changes open new opportunities for integrated marketing campaigns, where marketers are enabled to reach larger audiences of consumers at all their touch points with mediated world at one-stop shop. Blogs and blogging Web Logs (commonly knows as Blogs), according to Tredinnick (2006), are arguably the oldest Web 2.0 applications and have been in the web space since mid 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s. Constantinides and Fountain (2008) states that it is the most know and fastest-growing category of Web 2.0 applications. According to McCann report (2008), 184 million people World Wide have started a blog and 346 million read blogs, which means that 77% of active Internet users read blogs. Furthermore, 17.8 m have read a blog and around 4.3 m have created their own blog in the UK (McCann, 2008). The most recent Technorati research (2008) confirms this phenomenon as they tracked blogs in 81 languages from 66 countries around the world, it suggest that blogging have made a major influence on media ecosystem as bloggers are collectively creating almost one million posts every day and have representation in all top-10 web site lists across all key categories. In general a Blog is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video where entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order and has permalinks (Daily Blog Tips, 2008), but Pomerantz and Stutzman (2006) argues that for every blog author and consumer, the precise understanding of a blogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s use is different, therefore it is difficult to define its true meaning. Dearstyne (2005) summarized the definitions and blogging opportunities provided by major companies: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Microsoft defines blogs as frequently updated personal web journals that can dramatically help both small and large companies communicate their product messages. They increase peoples ability to share ideas and information exponentiallv, and on a worldwide scale. Accenture says blogs are an interactive website that allows the owner to publish ideas and information. Users can read and evaluate material and add new content, creating a conver sation that spans lime zones and continents. Research Design and methodology: We are left with mainly two options for the way and approach for gathering the research data- primary and secondary in the broadest sense. The primary research methodology involves direct interaction with the subjects where as the secondary research involves collection of data from sources such as literature, magazines etc. While the primary research methodology is more current, it includes interviews, questionnaires, targeted groups, personal interviews etc which is a time taking and tedious process. There needs to be a trade off regarding the extent of primary research data to be included in the research. The main empirical study will be carried out based on the primary data which was collected as per the study requirements. Based on the requirement and research find